Marketing Mix

See more presentations by keshavbhatia232 | Upload your own PowerPoint presentations

5 Organisational Appraisal

See more presentations by Samantha | Upload your own PowerPoint presentations

Naukri.com's Report on Current Hiring

Recently Naukri.com Reported that hiring in current season has gone down by 3.9%. This comparision is between October 09 with September 09. So what is the reason behind this dips?? I think Most of the candidate who is applying job through naukri.com or other job portals are not aware of this fact. They are just uploading thier CVs on these sites.

UNINOR Launched in India

Yeatreday one new player entered in Telecom market in India. It is 'UNINOR'. It is joint venture of Indian company 'Unitech' and Narve's company 'Telenor'. It set target to grab the 8% Indian market by 2018. It will launch its services firstle in 10 to 12 states of India.

Gold Prices

It is very surprizing that gold prices are rising like anything. After Dubai World news it was estimated that gold prices will go down. What is actually happening in the gold market wordwide?? Really amazing but happening......I think that it is all about the game played by capitalist. They dont want gold to be down. This is the only reason that gold is not going down but going up.

Woes of Dubai World

What actually happened in Dubai World - a infrastructure company of Dubai??? What will be its consequences on world economy?? These types of question are rising in the minds of every person who is related to business & economic world. This was all about the financial crunch in the company which build up world's best infrastructure in Dubai. Experts are saying that it will affect the share market of inffrastructure companies. This event will also led to low prices of gold.

Shaping Youngs Minds: Managing Career Expectation

on 24th of October, Lucknow Management Association & ALl India Management Association has organized a program 'Shaping Youngs Minds: Managing Career Expectation' in Sangeet natak Acadamy Auditorium, Lucknow. The program was a intetractionery and 6 icons from business world, media & politics were there. The icons were
1. Mr. Arun Shouri
2. Mr. Suhas Gopinath
3. Ms. Anu Tondon
4. Ms. Meera H. Sanyal
5. Mr. Prabhu Chawla
6. Mr. Sachin Pilot

Really program was very useful for shaping young minds. In each session 8 manaement students from various colleges was on the dice and they raised their queries. The icon very promptly & likely handled the question & answer accordingly.

Mittal's

The Internet Service Providers Association of India (ISPAI)

The Internet Service Providers Association of India (ISPAI) was set up in 1998 with a mission to 'Promote Internet for the benefit of all'. ISPAI is the collective voice of the ISP fraternity and by extension the entire Internet community. Over the years ISPAI has helped influence, shape and mould the telecom policies, so that ISPs and entrepreneurs in the business of Internet can setup and grow their services in an environment that is supportive and enabling.
In the last 10 years of it's existence, it has been party to breaking down monopolistic structures in telecom, bringing down barriers to entry for ISPs. It helped shape India from being a bandwidth hungry to a bandwidth surplus country. it was the competitive spirit of the ISP members of ISPAI that, Internet access became so widely and cost effectively available to our countrymen. These very ISPs helped connect India to the rest of the world so effectively that today BPO and Call Centers cannot but make their global presence felt based on IP connectivity. India is today is arguably amongst the top 10 countries of the world in terms of the number of Internet users.
Today ISPAI is the recognised apex body of Indian ISPs worldwide. ISPAI has access to and interacts frequently with international bodies and platforms and is frequently consulted by them on measures for future trends and growth of Internet. It works closely with the Government, the Regulator as well as the major Industry Chambers. It supports exchange of delegations, business visitors from across the globe which provides ISP members a chance to network widely and seek opportunities elsewhere too.
It's a platform for the Solution Provider's community such as Hardware and Software manufacturer's and suppliers to gain easy access to their ISP clients, promote their products and services through personal meetings and through events supported or sponsored by ISPAI.

Jantar-Mantar: Delhi

Thermal Power Generation: a picture

Inportance of Summer Internship for MBAs

First year MBA students can get exposure to the real business world during summer internships. Between the first and second MBA years, this is an ideal way to learn about an industry and to build a relationship with a prospective employer as well as giving you a chance to simply hone your skills.MBA summer internships are a great way to jump start a career, especially for career switchers.

Landing the best summer internship possible is of huge importance for first-year MBA students. Because an internship in the summer has the potential of leading to a full time job in the future, it is often referred to as the “weeks of interview”. Since every MBA student is encouraged to get a summer internship, competition is just as rough as in the real business environment.

Source:http://www.mba360.com/mba-summer-internships.html

SWOT Analysis - POWER SWOT.

SWOT analysis is a marketing audit that considers an organization's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Our introductory lesson gives you the basics of how to complete your SWOT as you begin to learn about marketing tools. As you learn more about SWOT analysis, you will become aware of a number of potential limitations with this popular tool. This lesson aims to help you overcome potential pitfalls.

Some of the problems that you may encounter with SWOT are as a result of one of its key benefits i.e. its flexibility. Since SWOT analysis can be used in a variety of scenarios, it has to be flexible. However this can lead to a number of anomalies. Problems with basic SWOT analysis can be addressed using a more critical POWER SWOT. POWER is an acronym for Personal experience, Order, Weighting, Emphasize detail, and Rank and prioritize. This is how it works.
P = Personal experience.
How do you the marketing manger fit in relation with the SWOT analysis? You bring your experiences, skills, knowledge, attitudes and beliefs to the audit. Your perception or simple gut feeling will impact the SWOT.
O = Order - strengths or weaknesses, opportunities or threats.
Often marketing managers will inadvertently reverse opportunities and strengths, and threats and weaknesses. This is because the line between internal strengths and weaknesses, and external opportunities and threats is sometimes difficult to spot. For example, in relation to global warming and climate change, one could mistake environmentalism as a threat rather than a potential opportunity.
W = Weighting.
Too often elements of a SWOT analysis are not weighted. Naturally some points will be more controversial than others. So weight the factors. One way would be to use percentages e.g. Threat A = 10%, Threat B = 70%, and Threat C = 20% (they total 100%).
E = Emphasize detail.
Detail, reasoning and justification are often omitted from the SWOT analysis. What one tends to find is that the analysis contains lists of single words. For example, under opportunities one might find the term 'Technology.' This single word does not tell a reader very much. What is really meant is:
'Technology enables marketers to communicate via mobile devices close to the point of purchase. This provides the opportunity of a distinct competitive advantage for our company.'
This will greatly assist you when deciding upon how best to score and weight each element.
R = Rank and prioritize.
Once detail has been added, and factors have been reviewed for weighting, you can then progress to give the SWOT analysis some strategic meaning i.e. you can begin to select those factors that will most greatly influence your marketing strategy albeit a mix of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Essentially you rank them highest to lowest, and then prioritize those with the highest rank e.g. Where Opportunity C = 60%, Opportunity A = 25%, and Opportunity B = 10% - your marketing plan would address Opportunity C first, and Opportunity B last. It is important to address opportunities primarily since your business should be market oriented. Then match strengths to opportunities and look for a fit. Address any gaps between current strengths and future opportunities. Finally attempt to rephrase threats as opportunities (as with global warming and climate change above), and address weaknesses so that they become strengths. Gap analysis would be useful at this point i.e. where we are now, and where do we want to be? Strategies would bridge the gap between them.

Source: http://www.marketingteacher.com/Lessons/lesson_power_swot.htm

India's students report new motives for doing MBA

The latest QS Applicant Research reports that Indians are adopting new ways of assessing their careers. The MBA or Master of Business Administration has been a popular postgraduate qualification for some time now. Ambitious Indians look to the MBA to improve their professional lives, and this is not a new observation.What is new and interesting, however, is a recent change in attitude in prospective Indian MBA candidates. When asked to declare some of the reasons why the candidate is considering business school, results were remarkably different from last year’s.

2007 2006

Primarily for education 17.19 21

To boost salary 26.55 26

To build professional network 41.83 34

To enable career change 34.96 34

Improve career prospects 72.3 73

Learn new skills 55.78 50

Start own business 24.93 24

Other 2.01 2

Table 1: Reasons for studying for an MBA (figures in percentage) Table 1 reveals that prospective MBA applicants from India are looking to build a professional network – 42% up from 34%, and learn new skills – 56% from 50%. Indians are evidently becoming more conscious of the need to network to find that perfect job; the 8% jump in interest being a telltale sign. While Indian culture doesn’t traditionally emphasize networking as a career necessity, ambitious students and professionals are beginning to follow Western footsteps when it comes to this practice. Tuck student, Sujana Patel has taken the networking practice seriously, and offers some advice: “One of the main things to remember is that even though everyone knows that you are networking to get a job, your first contact is not the time to send out a resume. The first email has to be formal and short, stating that you saw their profile and would love to talk with them and get their advice on your resume, available jobs, the company and its environment etc… It always helps to build rapport first. At the end of the day, the resume will really not mean that much if you have built a good foundation with the person. It is said that an interviewer will decide if the interviewee is someone they want within the first 10-15 seconds of seeing them; therefore, the first impression is critical. Don’t ruin it by directly sending them a resume.” In the case of MBA candidates looking to learn new skills (up 6% this year), Western nations like the US or UK, again, may be of influence. Indians are often cast as being monolithic in their career path. They pick a profession and stick to it. This is typically not the case in Western societies, and India is following suit. As the nation’s economy continues to grow, people are noticing the importance of diversifying their skill set – a characteristic of Western societies which has proved fruitful for years.

Source:http://www.123eng.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=25539

Just for MBA's: Appraisal of Projects

Just for MBA's: Appraisal of Projects

Appraisal of Projects

Appraisal of projects refers to the process of identifying, evaluating, implementation and reviewing the projects. Projects generally refer to the plans which are supposed to be implemented in an organization.

USB flash drive

A USB flash drive consists of a NAND-type flash memory data storage device integrated with a USB (universal serial bus) interface. USB flash drives are typically removable and rewritable, much smaller than a floppy disk (1 to 4 inches or 2.5 to 10 cm), and most USB flash drives weigh less than an ounce (28g). Storage capacities typically range from 64 MB to 128 GB with steady improvements in size and price per gigabyte. Some allow 1 million write or erase cycles and have 10-year data retention, connected by USB 1.1 or USB 2.0.

USB flash drives offer potential advantages over other portable storage devices, particularly the floppy disk. They have a more compact shape, operate faster, hold much more data, have a more durable design, and operate more reliably due to their lack of moving parts. Additionally, it has become increasingly common for computers to be sold without floppy disk drives. USB ports, on the other hand, appear on almost every current mainstream PC and laptop. These types of drives use the USB mass storage standard, supported natively by modern operating systems such as Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, and other Unix-like systems. USB drives with USB 2.0 support can also operate faster than an optical disc drive, while storing a larger amount of data in a much smaller space.

Nothing actually moves in a flash drive: the term drive persists because computers read and write flash-drive data using the same system commands as for a mechanical disk drive, with the storage appearing to the computer operating system and user interface as just another drive.

A flash drive consists of a small printed circuit board protected inside a plastic, metal, or rubberised case, robust enough for carrying with no additional protection—in a pocket or on a key chain, for example. The USB connector is protected by a removable cap or by retracting into the body of the drive, although it is not liable to be damaged if exposed. Most flash drives use a standard type-A USB connection allowing plugging into a port on a personal computer.

Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen_drive

Gantt chart

A Gantt chart is a type of bar chart that illustrates a project schedule. Gantt charts illustrate the start and finish dates of the terminal elements and summary elements of a project. Terminal elements and summary elements comprise the work breakdown structure of the project. Some Gantt charts also show the dependency (i.e, precedence network) relationships between activities. Gantt charts can be used to show current schedule status using percent-complete shadings and a vertical "TODAY" line as shown here.

In the 1980s, personal computers eased the creation and editing of elaborate Gantt charts. These desktop applications were intended mainly for project managers and project schedulers. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Gantt charts became a common feature of web-based applications, including collaborative groupware. Although now regarded as a common charting technique, Gantt charts were considered revolutionary when they were introduced. In recognition of Henry Gantt's contributions, the Henry Laurence Gantt Medal is awarded for distinguished achievement in management and in community service. This chart is used also in Information Technology to represent data that has been collected.
Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gantt_chart

PERT

The Program (or Project) Evaluation and Review Technique, commonly abbreviated PERT, is a model for project management designed to analyze and represent the tasks involved in completing a given project.

Complex projects require a series of activities, some of which must be performed sequentially and others that can be performed in parallel with other activities. This collection of series and parallel tasks can be modeled as a network.

In 1957 the Critical Path Method (CPM) was developed as a network model for project management. CPM is a deterministic method that uses a fixed time estimate for each activity. While CPM is easy to understand and use, it does not consider the time variations that can have a great impact on the completion time of a complex project.

The Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) is a network model that allows for randomness in activity completion times. PERT was developed in the late 1950's for the U.S. Navy's Polaris project having thousands of contractors. It has the potential to reduce both the time and cost required to complete a project.

Source:http://www.netmba.com/operations/project/pert/

List of ISO standards

This is a list of ISO standards that are discussed in Wikipedia articles. For a list of all the more than 16,000 ISO standards (as of 2007), see the ISO Catalogue.

About 300 of the standards produced by ISO and IEC's Joint Technical Committee 1 (JTC1) have been made freely/publicly available.

ISO 1–ISO 999

ISO 1 Standard reference temperature for geometrical product specification and verification
ISO 2 Textiles -- Designation of the direction of twist in yarns and related products
ISO 3 Preferred numbers
ISO 4 Rules for the abbreviation of title words and titles of publications
ISO 7 Pipe threads where pressure-tight joints are made on the threads
ISO 9 Information and documentation — Transliteration of Cyrillic characters into Roman characters — Slavic and non-Slavic languages
ISO 16:1975 Acoustics — Standard tuning frequency (Standard musical pitch)
ISO 31 Quantities and units
ISO 65 Certification bodies operating a product certification system
ISO 68-1 Basic profile of metric screw threads
ISO 128 Technical drawings -- General principles of presentation
ISO 216 paper sizes, e.g. the A4 paper size
ISO 226 Phon based on Fletcher-Munson curves 
ISO 226:2003 Phon based on newer Equal-loudness contours
ISO 228-1: Pipe threads where pressure-tight joints are not made on the threads — Part 1: Dimensions, tolerances and designation.
ISO 233:1984 Transliteration of Arabic characters into Roman characters 
ISO 233-2:1993 Transliteration of Arabic characters into Roman characters — Part 2: Arabic language — Simplified transliteration
ISO 259:1984 Documentation — Transliteration of Hebrew characters into Roman characters 
ISO 259-2:1994 Transliteration of Hebrew characters into Roman characters — Part 2: Simplified transliteration
ISO 261 General purpose metric screw threads. General plan.
ISO 262 Selected metric-screw-thread sizes for screws, bolts, and nuts
ISO 500 Agricultural tractors — Rear-mounted power take-off
ISO 639 Codes for the representation of names of languages 
ISO 639-1 Codes for the representation of names of languages — Part 1: Alpha-2 code
ISO 639-2 Codes for the representation of names of languages — Part 2: Alpha-3 code
ISO 639-3 Codes for the representation of names of languages — Part 3: Alpha-3 code for comprehensive coverage of languages
ISO 639-5
ISO/IEC 646 internationalized 7 bit ASCII variants
ISO 657 Hot-rolled steel sections
ISO 668 Specification for Shipping Containers
ISO 690 bibliographic references
ISO 732 Photography — 120-size and 220-size films — Dimensions
ISO 764 Horology -- Magnetic resistant watches
ISO 838 Standard for punching filing holes into paper
ISO 843:1997 Conversion of Greek characters into Roman characters
ISO 965 General purpose metric screw threads — Tolerances 
ISO 965-1 Principles and basic data
ISO 965-2 Limits of sizes for general purpose external and internal screw threads.
ISO 965-3 Deviations for constructional screw threads
ISO 965-4 Limits of sizes for hot-dip galvanized external screw threads to mate with internal screw threads tapped with tolerance position H or G after galvanizing
ISO 965-5 Limits of sizes for internal screw threads to mate with hot-dip galvanized external screw threads with maximum size of tolerance position h before galvanizing
ISO 999 Guidelines for the content, organization, and presentation of indexes

[edit]
ISO 1000–ISO 9999
ISO 1000 SI units and recommendations for the use of their multiples and of certain other units
ISO 1004 Magnetic ink character recognition
ISO 1007 135 film format
ISO/IEC 1539 Fortran programming language
ISO 1629 Establishes a system of terms and nomenclature for polymers
ISO 1745 Information processing – Basic mode control procedures for data communication systems
ISO/IEC 2022 Information technology: Character code structure and extension techniques
ISO 2108 International standard book numbering (ISBN)
ISO 2145 Numbering of divisions and subdivisions in written documents
ISO 2171 Cereals and milled cereal products — Determination of total ash
ISO 2281 Water-resistant watches
ISO 2533 Standard Atmosphere
ISO 2709 Format for information exchange (e.g. MARC)
ISO 3029 126 film format
ISO 3082 Iron ores — Sampling and sample preparation procedures
ISO 3103 Method of brewing tea for the purpose of sensory tests
ISO 3166 codes for countries and subdivisions 
ISO 3166-1 codes for country and dependent area names, first published in 1974 
ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 two-letter country codes
ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 three-letter country codes
ISO 3166-1 numeric
ISO 3166-2 principal subdivisions of a country or dependent area.
ISO 3166-3 superseded ISO 3166-1 codes, first published in 1998.
ISO 3297 International standard serial number (ISSN)
ISO 3506 Mechanical properties of corrosion-resistant stainless steel fasteners.
ISO 3536 Road vehicles -- Safety glazing materials -- Vocabulary
ISO 3537 Road vehicles -- Safety glazing materials -- Mechanical tests
ISO 3538 Road vehicles -- Safety glazing materials -- Method for the determination of solar transmittance
ISO 3601 Fluid power systems -- O-rings 
ISO 3601-1 Inside diameters, cross-sections, tolerances and size identification code (Recently updated)
ISO 3601-2 Housing dimensions for general applications (Recently updated)
ISO 3601-4 Anti-extrusion rings (back-up rings) (Recently updated)
ISO 3602 Romanization of Japanese
ISO 3632 Quality of Saffron
ISO 3635:1981 Size designation of clothes — Definitions and body measurement procedure
ISO 3864 Safety labels
ISO 3901 International Standard Recording Code (ISRC)
ISO 3977 Design and procurement standards for gas turbine system applications
ISO 4157 Subdivision of construction works 
ISO 4157-1: buildings and part of buildings
ISO 4157-2: room numbers
ISO 4157-3: room identifiers
ISO 4179 Ductile iron pipes and fittings for pressure and non-pressure pipelines -- Cement mortar lining
ISO 4217 Currency codes
ISO 4628 Paints and varnishes -- Evaluation of degradation of coatings -- Designation of quantity and size of defects, and of intensity of uniform changes in appearance 
ISO 4628-1 : General introduction and designation system
ISO 4628-3 : Assessment of degree of rusting
ISO/IEC 4873:1991 8-bit code for information interchange
ISO 5167 Measurement of fluid flow by means of pressure differential devices inserted in circular cross-section conduits running full 
ISO 5167-1 Part 1: General principles and requirements
ISO 5167-2 Part 2: Orifice plates
ISO 5167-3 Part 3: Nozzles and Venturi nozzles
ISO 5167-4 Part 4: Venturi tubes
ISO 5218 Representation of human sexes
ISO 5455 Technical drawings: scales
ISO 5775 Bicycle tyres and rims
ISO 5800 Photographic Film speed
ISO 5964 Guidelines for the Establishment and Development of Multilingual Thesauri
ISO 5971:1981 Size designation of clothes — Pantyhose
ISO 6166 structure of an International Securities Identifying Number (ISIN)
ISO 6194 Rotary-shaft lip-type seals incorporating elastomeric sealing elements 
ISO 6194-5 Identification of visual imperfections
ISO 6344 Coated abrasives — Grain size analysis 
ISO 6344-1 Part 1: Grain size distribution test
ISO 6344-2 Part 2: Determination of grain size distribution of macrogrits P12 to P220
ISO 6344-3 Part 3: Determination of grain size distribution of microgrits P240 to P2500
ISO 6429 Information technology: Control functions for coded character sets
ISO 6438 Documentation — African coded character set for bibliographic information interchange
ISO 6594 Cast iron drainage pipes and fittings -- Spigot series
ISO 6709 Standard representation of latitude, longitude and altitude for geographic point locations
ISO 6946 Building components and building elements — Thermal resistance and thermal transmittance — Calculation method
ISO 7001 Public Information Symbols
ISO 7002 Agricultural food products — Layout for a standard method of sampling from a lot
ISO 7098 Romanization of Chinese
ISO 7372 Trade data interchange
ISO/IEC 7501-1:1997 Identification cards — Machine readable travel documents (Part 1: Machine readable passport; Part 2: Machine readable visa; Part 3: Machine readable official travel documents)
ISO 7736 Car radio installation space
ISO/IEC 7810 Identification cards — Physical characteristics
ISO/IEC 7811 Identification cards — Recording technique
ISO/IEC 7812 Identification cards -- Identification of issuers
ISO/IEC 7813 Information technology -- Identification cards -- Financial transaction cards
ISO/IEC 7816 Identification cards -- Integrated circuit cards
ISO/IEC 7942 Graphical Kernel System
ISO 8090 Cycles — Terminology
ISO 8180 Ductile iron pipelines — Polyethylene sleeving for site application
ISO 8373 Manipulating Industrial Robots — Vocabulary
ISO 8402 Quality Management and Quality Assurance - Vocabulary
ISO 8501-1 Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products
ISO 8555 Environmental management systems.
ISO 8559:1989 Garment construction and anthropometric surveys — Body dimensions
ISO 8583 Financial transaction card originated messages — Interchange message specifications 
ISO 8583-1 Part 1: Messages, data elements and code values
ISO 8583-2 Part 2: Application and registration procedures for Institution Identification Codes (IIC)
ISO 8583-3 Part 3: Maintenance procedures for messages, data elements and code values
ISO 8601 Date and time representation
ISO/IEC 8613 Open Document Architecture
ISO/IEC 8632 Computer Graphics Metafile
ISO 8651 Graphical Kernel System language bindings
ISO/IEC 8652: Information technology — Programming languages — Ada
ISO 8805 Graphical Kernel System for Three Dimensions and the C language bindings are ISO 8806.
ISO 8806-4 Graphical Kernel System for Three Dimensions, C language bindings
ISO 8807: Language Of Temporal Ordering Specification (LOTOS)
ISO/IEC 8824 Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1)
ISO/IEC 8825 ASN.1 Encoding Rules
ISO 8859 8-bit coded character sets 
ISO 8859-1 Latin-1
ISO 8859-2 Latin-2
ISO 8859-3 Latin-3 or "South European"
ISO 8859-4 Latin-4 or "North European"
ISO 8859-5 Cyrillic
ISO 8859-6 Arabic
ISO 8859-7 Greek
ISO 8859-8 Hebrew
ISO 8859-9 Latin-5
ISO 8859-10 Latin-6, rearrangement of 8859-4
ISO 8859-11 Thai
ISO 8859-13 Latin-7 or "Baltic Rim"
ISO 8859-14 Latin-8 or "Celtic"
ISO 8859-15 Latin-9, revision of 8859-1
ISO 8859-16 Latin-10 South-Eastern European languages and others
ISO 8879 Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML)
ISO 9000 Quality management system in production environments
ISO 9001 Quality management
ISO 9069 SGML support facilities — SGML Document Interchange Format (SDIF)
ISO/IEC 9075 SQL
ISO 9126 Software quality model
ISO 9141 Network interconnection of computers in a vehicle 
ISO 9141-2 OBD-II standard, aka 9141 CARB standard
ISO 9241 Ergonomic requirements for office work with visual display terminals
ISO 9362 Bank Identifier Code or BIC system
ISO 9407 Shoe sizes
ISO/IEC 9541 Information technology — Font information interchange 
ISO/IEC 9541-1:1991 Information technology — Font information interchange — Part 1: Architecture
ISO/IEC 9541-2:1991 Information technology — Font information interchange — Part 2: Interchange Format
ISO/IEC 9541-3:1994 Information technology — Font information interchange — Part 3: Glyph shape representation
ISO 9564 Banking — Personal Identification Number (PIN) management and security (in ATM and POS systems)
ISO/IEC 9579 Remote database access for SQL
ISO 9592, ISO 9593 PHIGS (Programmer's Hierarchical Interactive Graphics System)
ISO 9660 CD-ROM file system
ISO/IEC 9796 Information technology — Security techniques — Digital signature schemes giving message recovery
ISO/IEC 9797 Information technology — Security techniques — Message Authentication Codes (MACs)
ISO/IEC 9798 Information technology — Security techniques — Entity authentication
ISO 9869 Thermal insulation — Building elements — In-situ measurements of thermal resistance and thermal transmittance
ISO 9899 C programming language
ISO/IEC 9945 Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX)
ISO 9984 Conversion of Georgian characters into Roman characters
ISO 9985 Conversion of Armenian characters into Roman characters
ISO 9992:1999 Financial transaction cards — Security architecture of financial transaction systems using integrated circuit cards
ISO 9999 Technical aids for persons with disabilities. Classification and terminology


ISO 10000–ISO 19999
ISO 10006 Quality management — Guidelines to quality in project management
ISO 10007 Quality management — Guidelines for configuration management
ISO 10012 Measurement management systems — Requirements for measurement processes and measuring equipment
ISO/IEC 10021 Message Oriented Text Interchange Systems (MOTIS)
ISO/IEC 10026 Open Systems Interconnection
ISO 10077 Thermal performance of windows, doors and shutters — Calculation of thermal transmittance
ISO/IEC 10089 Information technology; 130 mm rewritable optical disk cartridge for information interchange — 650 MB per cartridge
ISO 10160 Interlibrary Loan Application Service Definition — defines terminology used in interlibrary loan
ISO 10161 Interlibrary Loan Application Protocol
ISO/IEC 10179:1996 Document Style Semantics and Specification Language (DSSSL)
ISO 10202:1991 Financial transaction cards — Security architecture of financial transaction systems using integrated circuit cards
ISO 10206 Extended Pascal (programming language)
ISO 10211 Thermal bridges in building construction — Heat flows and surface temperatures — Detailed calculations
ISO 10279 BASIC programming language
ISO 10303 Industrial automation systems and integration — Product data representation and exchange. Known as STEP, STandard for the Exchange of Product data
ISO 10383 Securities and related financial instruments — Codes for exchanges and market identification (MIC)
ISO 10487 Connections for passenger car stereos
ISO 10628 Flow diagrams for process plants
ISO 10646 Universal Character Set (equivalent to Unicode's character set)
ISO 10664 Hexalobular internal driving feature for bolts and screws — Torx screw head
ISO 10957 Information and documentation — International Standard Music Number (ISMN)
ISO 10962 Securities and related financial instruments — Classification of Financial Instruments (CFI code)
ISO 10993 Biological Evaluation of medical devices 
ISO 10993-1:2008 Evaluation and testing within a risk management system
ISO 10993-2: Animal welfare requirements.
ISO 10993-3: tests for genotoxicity, carcinogenicity and reproductive toxicity.
ISO 10993-4: Selection of tests for interactions with blood.
ISO 10993-5: Test for in vitro cytotoxicity
ISO 10993-6:2007 Tests for local effects after implantation.
ISO 10993-7:2008 Ethylene oxide sterilization residuals
ISO 10993-8:
ISO 10993-9:2007 Framework for identification and quantification of potential degradation products.
ISO 10993-10: Tests for irritation and sensitisation
ISO 10993-11: Tests for irritation systemic toxicity
ISO 10993-12:2007 Sample preparation and reference materials.
ISO 10993-13: Identification and Quantification of degradation products from polymeric medical devices.
ISO 10993-14: Identification and Quantification of degradation products from ceramics.
ISO 10993-15: Identification and quantification of degradation products from un-coated or coated metals and alloys.
ISO 10993-16: Toxicokinetic study design for degradation products and leachables.
ISO 10993-17: Methods for the establishment of allowable limits for leachable substances using health - based risk assessment.
ISO 10993-18: Chemical characterisation of materials.
ISO 10993-19: Physico-chemical, morphological and topographical characterization of materials
ISO 10993-20:2006 Principles and methods for immunotoxicology testing of medical devices
ISO 11064 Ergonomic Design of Control Centres 
ISO 11062-1:2000 Part 1: Principles for the design of control centres
ISO 11062-2:2000 Part 2: Principles for the arrangement of control suites
ISO 11062-3:1999 Part 3: Control room layout ISO 11064-3:1999/Cor 1:2002
ISO 11062-3:2004 Part 4: Layout and dimensions of workstations
ISO 11062-3:2005 Part 6: Environmental requirements for control centres
ISO/IEC 11172 MPEG-1
ISO 11170:2003 Hydraulic fluid power — Filter elements — Sequence of tests for verifying performance characteristics
ISO/IEC 11179 Information Technology — Metadata Registries (MDR) 
ISO/IEC 11179-1:2004 Part 1: Framework
ISO/IEC 11179-2:2005 Part 2: Classification
ISO/IEC 11179-3:2003 Part 3: Registry metamodel and basic attributes
ISO/IEC 11179-4:2004 Part 4: Formulation of data definitions
ISO/IEC 11179-5:2005 Part 5: Naming and identification principles
ISO/IEC 11179-6:2005 Part 6: Registration
ISO 11180 Postal addressing
ISO/IEC 11404:1996 Language-independent datatypes (See also General purpose datatypes)
ISO 11446:2004 Connectors for the electrical connection of towing and towed vehicles -- 13-pole connectors for vehicles with 12 V nominal supply voltage
ISO 11469:2000 Plastics -- Generic identification and marking of plastics products
ISO 11521 Replaced by ISO 15022
ISO/IEC 11578:1996 Information technology — Open Systems Interconnection — Remote procedure call (RPC)
ISO 11783 aka. IsoBus — J1939-based communication protocol for the agriculture industry.
ISO/IEC 11801 Information technology — Generic cabling for customer premises
ISO 11898 Road vehicles — Controller area network (CAN)
ISO 12006 Building construction. Organization of information about construction works.
ISO 13239 High-level data link control (HDLC) procedures
ISO/IEC 13249 SQL multimedia and application packages
ISO/IEC 13250 Topic map
ISO 13346 Volume and file structure of write-once and rewritable media, which UDF is based on.
ISO 13370 Thermal performance of buildings — Heat transfer via the ground — Calculation methods
ISO 13406 Ergonomic requirements for work with visual displays based on flat panels 
ISO 13406-1:1999 Part 1: Introduction
ISO 13406-2:1002 Part 2: Ergonomic requirements for flat panel displays
ISO 13407:1999 Human-centred design processes for interactive systems
ISO 13450 110 film format
ISO 13485:2003 Medical Devices - Quality management systems - Requirements for regulatory purposes.
ISO 13490 Information technology: Volume and file structure of read-only and write-once compact disk media for information interchange
ISO 13567/1 to 3 Technical product documentation; Organization and naming of layers for Computer-aided design (CAD)
ISO/IEC 13568:2002 Information Technology — Z Formal Specification Notation — Syntax, Type System and Semantics
ISO 13616 Bank Account Numbers (IBAN)
ISO 13849-1 Safety of machinery, Safety related parts of control systems, General principles for design
ISO/IEC 13818 MPEG-2
ISO 13837 Road vehicles -- Safety glazing materials -- Method for the determination of solar transmittance
ISO 14000 Environmental Management Standards in production environments
ISO 14001 Environmental Management
ISO 14064 Greenhouse Gases
ISO 14230 Road vehicles — Diagnostic systems — Keyword Protocol 2000 
ISO 14230-1 Physical layer
ISO 14230-2 Data link layer
ISO 14230-3 Application layer
ISO 14230-4 Requirements for emission-related systems
ISO/IEC 14443 Identification cards — Contactless integrated circuit(s) cards — Proximity cards
ISO/IEC 14496 MPEG-4
ISO 14644 Standards Cleanrooms and associated controlled environments 
ISO 14644-1:1999 Classification of Air Cleanliness
ISO 14644-2:2000 Testing and Monitoring to prove Compliance
ISO 14644-3:2005 Metrology & Test Methods
ISO 14644-4:2001 Design, Construction and Start-up
ISO 14644-5:2004 Operations
ISO 14644-6:2007 Vocabulary
ISO 14644-7:2004 Separative Devices
ISO 14644-8:2006 Classification of Airborne Molecular Contamination
ISO 14644-9 Clean Surfaces
ISO 14651 Information technology: International string ordering and comparison
ISO 14698 Standards 
ISO-14698-1 Bio-contamination Control — General Principles
ISO-14698-2 Evaluation & Interpretation of Bio-contamination Data
ISO 14750 Information technology — Open Distributed Processing — Interface Definition Language
ISO/IEC 14755 Input methods to enter unicode characters from ISO/IEC 10646
ISO 14855-1:2005 Aerobic Biodegradation under controlled composting conditions
ISO 14855-2:2007 Aerobic Biodegradation under controlled composting conditions with gravimetric measurement of carbon dioxid
ISO/IEC 14882 Programming Languages — C++
ISO 14915 Software ergonomics for multimedia user interfaces 
ISO 14915-1:2002 Part 1: Design principles and framework
ISO 14915-2:2003 Part 2: Multimedia navigation and control
ISO 14915-3:2002 Part 3: Media selection and combination
ISO 14971:2007 Medical Devices — Application Of Risk Management To Medical Devices
ISO/IEC 14977 Extended Backus-Naur Form (EBNF)
ISO 15000 Electronic business eXtensible Markup Language ebXML 
ISO 15000-1:2004 Part 1: Collaboration-protocol profile and agreement specification (ebCPP)
ISO 15000-2:2004 Part 2: Message service specification (ebMS)
ISO 15000-3:2004 Part 3: Registry information model specification (ebRIM)
ISO 15000-4:2004 Part 4: Registry services specification (ebRS)
ISO 15000-5:2005 Part 5: ebXML Core Components Technical Specification, Version 2.01(ebCCTS)
ISO 15022 Securities: Scheme for messages(Data Field Dictionary)
ISO 15082 Road vehicles -- Tests for rigid plastic safety glazing materials
ISO 15099 Thermal performance of windows, doors and shading devices — Detailed calculations
ISO 15112 Natural gas -- Energy determination
ISO 15189 Medical laboratories — Particular requirements for quality and competence
ISO 15288 Systems engineering — System life cycle processes
ISO 15289 Systems and software engineering — Content of systems and software life cycle process information products (Documentation)
ISO/IEC 15291: Information technology — Programming languages — Ada Semantic Interface Specification (ASIS)
ISO 15403 Natural gas -- Natural gas for use as a compressed fuel for vehicles 
ISO 15403-1 Designation of the quality
ISO/IEC 15408 Common Criteria — Evaluation Criteria for Information Technology Security
ISO/IEC 15434 2D Data Matrix barcode
ISO/IEC 15444 JPEG 2000
ISO/IEC 15445:2000 ISO HTML, a subset of Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) 4
ISO/IEC 15504 Framework for the assessment of software processes, also known as SPICE (Software Process Improvement and Capability Determination).
ISO 15614-13:2002 Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials-Welding procedure test
ISO 15686 Service life planning for constructive works in 10 parts
ISO 15693 Transponders
ISO 15706 International Standard Audiovisual Number
ISO 15707 International Standard Musical Work Code
ISO 15836 The Dublin Core metadata element set
ISO 15897 Standard for the registration of new POSIX locales and POSIX charmaps
ISO 15924 Codes for the representation of names of scripts
ISO 15930 Portable Document Format (PDF)
ISO/IEC 15948:2003 Portable Network Graphics (PNG)
ISO 15970 Natural gas -- Measurement of properties -- Volumetric properties: density, pressure, temperature and compression factor
ISO 15971 Natural gas. Measurement of properties. Calorific value and Wobbe index
ISO/IEC 16500 Generic Digital Audio-Visual Systems DAVIC
ISO 16071:2003 Ergonomics of human-system interaction, Guidance on accessibility for human-computer interfaces
ISO 16134 Earthquake- and subsidence-resistant design of ductile iron pipelines
ISO 16232 Road vehicles -- Cleanliness of components of fluid circuits 
ISO 16232-8 Particle nature determination by microscopic analysis
ISO 16232-9 Particle sizing and counting by automatic light extinction particle counter
ISO 16232-10 Expression of results
ISO/IEC 16262 ECMAScript
ISO 16549 Textiles -- Unevenness of textile strands -- Capacitance method
ISO 16750 Road vehicles — Environmental conditions and testing for electrical and electronics equipment.
ISO/TS 16949 Quality management systems — Particular requirements for the application of ISO 9001:2000 for automotive production and relevant service part organizations
ISO 16982:2002 Ergonomics of human-system interaction, Usability methods supporting human-centred design
ISO/IEC 17024:2003 specifies requirements for a body certifying persons against specific requirements, including the development and maintenance of a certification scheme for personnel
ISO/IEC 17025:2005 General requirements for competence of test and calibration laboratories
ISO 17202 Textiles -- Determination of twist in single spun yarns -- Untwist/retwist method
ISO 17776 : Petroleum industries
ISO/IEC 17799 Information technology: Code of practice for information security management
ISO/IEC 17894 Ships and marine technology — Computer applications — General principles for development and use of PES in marine applications
ISO/IEC 18000 Information Technology AIDC Techniques-RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) for Item Management - Air Interface 
18000-1 Part 1 – Generic Parameters for the Air Interface for Globally Accepted Frequencies
18000-2 Part 2 – Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135 kHz
18000-3 Part 3 – Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 13.56 MHz
18000-4 Part 4 – Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 2.45 GHz
18000-5 Part 5 – Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 5.8 GHz (Withdrawn)
18000-6 Part 6 – Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 to 960 MHz
18000-7 Part 7 – Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433 MHz
ISO/IEC 18004: QR Code Standardization
ISO/IEC 18009: Information technology — Programming languages — Ada: Conformity assessment of a language processor (ACATS)
ISO/IEC 18023:2006(E) Information technology - SEDRIS - 
ISO/IEC 18023-1:2006(E) Information technology - SEDRIS - Part 1: Functional specification
ISO/IEC 18023-2:2006(E) Information technology - SEDRIS - Part 2: Abstract transmittal format
ISO/IEC 18023-3:2006(E) Information technology - SEDRIS - Part 3: Transmittal format binary encoding
ISO/IEC 18024-4:2006(E) Information technology - SEDRIS language bindings - Part 4: C
ISO/IEC 18025:2005(E) Information technology - Environmental Data Coding Specification (EDCS)
ISO/IEC 18026:2006(E) Information technology - Spatial Reference Model (SRM)
ISO/IEC 18033 Information technology — Security techniques — Encryption algorithms 
Part 1: General
Part 2: Asymmetric ciphers
Part 3: Block ciphers
Part 4: Stream ciphers
ISO/IEC 18041-4:2005(E) Information technology - EDCS language bindings - Part 4: C
ISO/IEC 18042-4:2006(E) Information technology - Spatial Reference Model (SRM) language bindings - Part 4: C
ISO 18152:2003 Ergonomics of human-system interaction, Specification for the process assessment of human-system issues
ISO 18185: Wireless standard for electronic seals using active RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)
ISO 18245 standard concerning the assignment of Merchant Category Codes (MCC) in retail financial services
ISO 18529:2000 Ergonomics of human-system interaction, Human-centred lifecycle process descriptions (available in English only)
ISO 18629 standardized Process Specification Language (PSL).
ISO 19005 PDF
ISO 19011 standard providing guidelines for quality and environmental management systems auditing
ISO 19092-1 Financial Services — Security — Part 1: Security framework
ISO 19092-2 Financial Services — Security — Part 2: Message syntax and cryptographic requirements
ISO 19101 Geographic Information: Reference model
ISO 19105 Geographic Information: Conformance and testing
ISO 19107 Geographic Information: Spatial schema
ISO 19108 Geographic Information: Temporal schema
ISO 19109 Geographic Information: Rules for Application Schema
ISO 19110 Geographic Information: Feature cataloguing methodology
ISO 19111 Geographic Information: Spatial referencing by coordinates
ISO 19111 Geographic Information: Spatial referencing by identifier
ISO 19113 Geographic Information: Quality principles
ISO 19114 Geographic Information: Quality evaluation procedures
ISO 19115 Geographic Information: Metadata
ISO 19123 Geographic Information: Coverage schema
ISO 19128 Geographic Information: Web Map Service
ISO 19131 Geographic Information: Data product specification
ISO 19136 Geographic Information: Geography Markup Language
ISO/IEC 19501 Unified Modeling Language (UML)
ISO/IEC 19502 Meta-Object Facility (MOF)
ISO/IEC 19503 XML Metadata Interchange (XMI)
ISO/IEC 19757 Document Schema Definition Languages (DSDL) 
ISO/IEC FDIC 19757-2 Regular-grammar-based validation RELAX NG
ISO/IEC 19757-3 Rule-based validation — Schematron
ISO/IEC 19757-4 Namespace-based Validation Dispatching Language (NVDL)
ISO/IEC 19770 Information technology — Software asset management
ISO/IEC 19790 Security requirements for cryptographic modules (see also FIPS 140)
ISO/IEC 19794 Information technology - Biometric data interchange formats 
ISO/IEC 19794-1:2006 Part 1: Framework
ISO/IEC 19794-2:2005 Part 2: Finger minutiae data
ISO/IEC 19794-3:2006 Part 3: Finger pattern spectral data
ISO/IEC 19794-4:2005 Part 4: Finger image data
ISO/IEC 19794-5:2005 Part 5: Face image data
ISO/IEC 19794-6:2005 Part 6: Iris image data
ISO/IEC 19794-7:2007 Part 7: Signature/sign time series data
ISO/IEC 19794-8:2006 Part 8: Finger pattern skeletal data
ISO/IEC 19794-9:2007 Part 9: Vascular image data
ISO/IEC 19794-10:2007 Part 10: Hand geometry silhouette data

ISO 20000–ISO 29999
ISO/IEC 20000:2005 IT Service Management System (based on BS15000)
ISO 20022 Financial Services — universal financial industry message scheme
ISO/IEC TR 20943 Information technology — Procedures for achieving metadata registry content consistency 
ISO/IEC TR 20943-1:2003 Part 1: Data elements
ISO/IEC TR 20943-3:2004 Part 3: Value domains
ISO 22000 Food safety management systems — Requirements for any organization in the food chain
ISO/TS 22003 Food safety management systems — Requirements for bodies providing audit and certification of food safety management systems
ISO 22241 : Diesel engines -- NOx reduction agent AUS 32 
ISO 22241-1 : Quality requirements
ISO 22241-2 : Test methods
ISO 22241-3 : Handling, transportation and storing
ISO/IEC TR 22250 Regular Language description for XML — (RELAX) 
ISO/IEC TR 22250-1:2002 RELAX Core
ISO/PAS 22399:2007 Social security - Guideline for incident preparedness and operational continuity management
ISO 22716:2007: Cosmetics.
ISO/IEC 23270:2003 C# Programming Language
ISO/IEC 23360 Linux Standard Base (LSB) core specification 3.1 (in publication as of 2005-12) 
ISO/IEC 23360-1 — Part 1: Generic specification
ISO/IEC 23360-2 — Part 2: Specification for IA32 architecture
ISO/IEC 23360-3 — Part 3: Specification for IA64 architecture
ISO/IEC 23360-4 — Part 4: Specification for AMD64 architecture
ISO/IEC 23360-5 — Part 5: Specification for PPC32 architecture
ISO/IEC 23360-6 — Part 6: Specification for PPC64 architecture
ISO/IEC 23360-7 — Part 7: Specification for S390 architecture
ISO/IEC 23360-8 — Part 8: Specification for S390X architecture
ISO 23733 Textiles -- Chenille yarns -- Test method for the determination of linear density
ISO 23950 Library standard ANSI/NISO Z39.50 — Protocol for searching and retrieving information, usually from bibliographic records
ISO/IEC 24727 Identification Cards — Integrated Circuit Card Programming Interfaces 
ISO/IEC 24727-1 — Part 1: Architecture
ISO/IEC 24727-2 — Part 2: Generic card interface
ISO/IEC 24727-3 — Part 3: Application interface
ISO/IEC 24727-4 — Part 4: API Administration
ISO/IEC CD 24727-5 — Part 5: Testing
ISO/IEC FCD 24727-6 — Part 6: Registration authority procedures for the authentication protocols for interoperability
ISO/IEC 24744:2007 Software Engineering — Metamodel for Development Methodologies
ISO/IEC 24762:2008 Information technology — Security techniques — Guidelines for information

and communications technology disaster recovery services
ISO/IEC DIS 25961 Recommended Practice for Architectural Description of Software-Intensive Systems. See IEEE 1471
ISO26000 Guideline about Social Responsibility also called ISO SR
ISO/IEC 26300 OpenDocument Format (.odf)
ISO/IEC 27000 Information Security Management System Family of Standards 
ISO/IEC 27001 Information technology — Security techniques — Information security management systems — Requirements
ISO/IEC 27002 Information technology - Security techniques - Code of practice for information security management
ISO/IEC 29119 Software Testing
ISO/IEC 29119-1 — Part 1: Concepts & Vocabulary
ISO/IEC 29119-2 — Part 2: Test Process
ISO/IEC 29119-3 — Part 3: Test Documentation
ISO/IEC 29119-4 — Part 4: Test Techniques
ISO/IEC 29300 OpenDocument
ISO/IEC 29500 Office Open XML


ISO 30000–ISO 39999
ISO 31000 — Risk Management
ISO 32000 — Portable Document Format
ISO/IEC 38500 — Corporate Governance of Information Technology

ISO 80000

ISO/IEC 80000

Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards

Total productive maintenance

Total Productive Maintenance is a new way of looking at maintenance, or conversely, a reversion to old ways but on a mass scale. In TPM the machine operator performs much, and sometimes all, of the routine maintenance tasks themselves. This automaintenance ensures appropriate and effective efforts are expended since the machine is wholly the domain of one person or team. TPM is a critical adjunct to lean manufacturing. If machine uptime is not predictable and if process capability is not sustained, the process must keep extra stocks to buffer against this uncertainty and flow through the process will be interrupted.. One way to think of TPM is "deterioration prevention" and "maintenance reduction", not fixing machines. For this reason many people refer to TPM as "Total Productive Manufacturing" or "Total Process Management". TPM is a proactive approach that essentially aims to prevent any kind of slack before occurrence. Its motto is "zero error, zero work-related accident, and zero loss."

Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_Productive_Maintenance

Tree diagram

The term tree diagrams is used in different ways in different disciplines.
In mathematics and statistical methods, a tree diagram is used to determine the probability of getting specific results where the possibilities are nested.
In physics, a tree diagram is an acyclic connected Feynman diagram.
In linguistics, a parse tree is one way to visually represent the structure of a sentence (see X-bar theory), a syllable, or phonological feature geometry.
In biology: phylogenetics.
A game tree is a tree diagram used to find and analyze potential moves in a game.
A decision tree is used in operations research.

A HyperbolicTree: a visualization method for a graph inspired by hyperbolic geometry.

Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_diagram

Affinity diagram

The affinity diagram is a business tool used to organize ideas and data. It is one of the Seven Management and Planning Tools.

The tool is commonly used within project management and allows large numbers of ideas to be sorted into groups for review and analysis.

The affinity diagram was devised by Jiro Kawakita in the 1960s and is sometimes referred to as the KJ Method.

Process
Record each idea on cards or notes
Look for ideas that seem to be related
Sort cards into groups until all cards have been used.

Once the cards have been sorted into groups the team may sort large clusters into subgroups for easier management and analysis. Once completed, the affinity diagram may be used to create a cause and effect diagram.

Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affinity_diagram

Operation may refer to:

Scientific operation
Surgery operation
An operation or operator in mathematics (see unary operation, binary operation, arity)
In language, an operation is a word which represents a function (or instruction), rather than a term or name
In computer science, an operation is called an instruction
Military operation, a military action (usually in a military campaign) using deployed forces
Covert operation, a military or political action that is both clandestine and denied by the government undertaking the action
Sting operation, an operation designed to catch a person committing a crime, by means of deception
Business operations, manufacturing operations, operations management
Operations Support Systems used in the telecommunications industry
Operation of law, a legal term that indicates that a right or liability has been created for a part
Anomalous operation, in parapsychology, a term describing a broad category of purported paranormal effects
Musical operations such as transposition, inversion, multiplication, permutation, counterpoint

Operation (game), a battery-operated game of physical skill.

Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operations

March: Hiring Activity dips by 8%

The Naukri.com Job Index for March, 2009 recorded an eight per cent decline as against February, 2009.

Key highlights of the report:
  The overall Job Index declined by 8% from 774 in Feb '09 to 711 in
Mar '09
 
 Sectors like Finance, Oil and Gas saw a steep fall in the Index in Mar '09
 
 Hiring activity in Mumbai was at its lowest in March, 2009 since last July; other cities also saw a decline in the index. Smaller cities saw an improvement in hiring activity
 
 Banking and Insurance professionals saw a drop in hiring activity by 30% during Mar '09 as compared to Feb '09
 

Month on month, you can look forward to reliable information on the job market with Naukri JobSpeak.

Develope your resume

http://www.collegegrad.com/

http://www.resumeformat.org/engineering-resume-writing.html

http://www.cv-resume.org

Summer Training JOBS

www.bixee.com
www.blog.monsterindia.com
www.seasonworkers.com

Research Paper

Abstract

Global Recession and Meltdown of Indian Capital Market

By: - Mayank Mittal, M. Shakir, Nihal Khurshid, Reshma Hussain and Farha Khalid1

Indian economy is integrated with the global economy and as a result it has been affected by global recession. Over the last few months we have seen that the world has gone through its worst financial crisis. The world leading investment banks have gone bankrupt.
What are the different reasons behind this global recession? Why India is affected? Why did Stock markets collapse and what are the factors behind the daily fluctuations? How can India get back its development pace again? What can be the Imperatives & Strategies for Indian Businesses to come out from these conditions?
This recessionary period has generated an environment of uncertainty in the capital market of all over the world. Although India is affected much less than expected by the global recession, almost all of the Indian business sectors are facing problem. The recession led to job lay-offs. Companies are rolling back their major projects and expansion plans. Investors are pulling their hands from Indian capital market. FDIs and FIIs are getting affected by this recession.
This paper attempts to analyze the different reasons behind the global recession. It further assesses the effects of the global recession on Indian Capital Market.

Key Words: Global Recession, Financial Crisis, Indian Capital Market, FDI, FIIs, NINJA.

1. Students: M. B. A. IInd Semester of Al-Barkaat Institute of Management Studies, Aligarh



Meltdown of Indian capital market

Introduction:-

Today we are in an era of globalization. Globalization in India has allowed companies to increase their base of operations, expand their workforce with minimal investments, and provide new services to a broad range of consumers. The process of globalization has been an integral part of the recent economic progress made by India. Over the last few months we have seen that the world has gone through its worst financial crisis. A recessionary environment is prevailing around the world and it started in US. Generally recession means a contraction phase of the business cycle. It is a condition when consumers loose confidence in growth of economy and spend less. Recession leads to a decreased demand for goods and services, which in turn leads to a decrease in production, lay-offs and a sharp rise in unemployment. Investors spend less as they fear stocks values will fall and thus stock markets fall on negative sentiment. In an economy the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) declares that the economy is in a state of recession. NBER defines recession as a "significant decline in economic activity lasting more than a few months“, which is normally visible in real GDP, real income, employment, industrial production, and wholesale-retail sales. [1]

As the fourth-largest economy in the world in PPP terms, India is a preferred destination for foreign direct investments (FDI); India has strengths in information technology and other significant areas such as auto components, chemicals, apparels, pharmaceuticals, and jewellery. Despite a surge in foreign investments, rigid FDI policies resulted in a significant hindrance. However, due to some positive economic reforms aimed at deregulating the economy and stimulating foreign investment, India has positioned itself as one of the front-runners of the rapidly growing Asia Pacific Region. India has a large pool of skilled managerial and technical expertise. The size of the middle-class population stands at 50 million and represents a growing consumer market. [2]

India's recently liberalized FDI policy (2005) allows up to a 100% FDI stake in ventures. Industrial policy reforms have substantially reduced industrial licensing requirements, removed restrictions on expansion and facilitated easy access to foreign technology and foreign direct investment FDI. The upward moving growth curve of the real-estate sector owes some credit to a booming economy and liberalized FDI regime. In March 2005, the government amended the rules to allow 100 per cent FDI in the construction business. This automatic route has been permitted in townships, housing, built-up infrastructure and construction development projects including housing, commercial premises, hotels, resorts, hospitals, educational institutions, recreational facilities, and city- and regional-level infrastructure. [2]

A number of changes were approved on the FDI policy to remove the caps in most sectors. Fields which require relaxation in FDI restrictions include civil aviation, construction development, industrial parks, petroleum and natural gas, commodity exchanges, credit-information services and mining. But this still leaves an unfinished agenda of permitting greater foreign investment in politically sensitive areas such as insurance and retailing. FDI inflows into India reached a record US$19.5bn in fiscal year 2006/07 (April-March), according to the government's Secretariat for Industrial Assistance. This was more than double the total of US$7.8bn in the previous fiscal year. The FDI inflow for 2007-08 has been reported as $24bn and for 2008-09, it is expected to be above $35 billion. A critical factor in determining India's continued economic growth and realizing the potential to be an economic superpower is going to depend on how the government can create incentives for FDI flow across a large number of sectors in India. [2]

Since the meltdown began in September 2008, the US economy has seen the loss, on average of around 17,000 jobs a day. Move the base line to November 1, 2008 and job loses averaged more than 19,000 a day and the trend is getting worse. Close to 20.6 million jobs have been lost since just September 2008. Over 1.7 million of those have vanished over the last three months. January 2009, saw the loss on average of more than 800 jobs every hour. But many find it amusing that it took officials 11 months to declare “Recession” in the United States. During this period more than 22,000 employees have been thrown out by the California Administration and pay cheques of 55,000 employees affected in Kansas in the United States.

Recession in the US may be considered as the epicenter of global recession. The United Arab Emirates sovereign wealth fund – once said to be $ 1 trillion has taken a hit in the global recession, while the lifeblood of the economy, the price of oil is down by more than 60%.[3] The public sector is facing the heat of global meltdown, causing the number of unemployed to rise to 7.9% in France. Chinese exports have got hit as US consumers are checking spending causing millions of jobs being lost.

The new industrial policy of 1991 brainchild by Dr. Manmohan Singh worked as the life belt to Indian economy. MNCs from all over the world started to pour capital through the way of FDI into the Indian economy.
As of now, India is facing heat mainly on three grounds
1. Share market is falling everyday
2. Rupee is weakening against Dollar
3. Banks are facing severe cash crunch resulting in shortage of liquidity in the market.

This paper is our humble attempt to bring out the various reasons behind the global recession and for the sudden rise and collapse of the Indian stock market. Best efforts have been made to our research as updated and extensive as possible within the given time constraints. However it might be possible that some vital information might have been skipped erroneously. We highly regret for this.

Objectives of the paper:-

The objectives of this research paper are:
To analyze the different reasons behind the global recession.
To assesses the effects of the global recession on Indian Capital Market.

Reasons behind the global recession:

Basically the current financial crisis or the global recession’s epicenter is situated in United States. For the past many years the housing sector was booming in USA due to a combination of
Low interest rate
Large inflow of foreign funds.

It was quite easy for people to take home loans. As more & more people took home loans, demands for property increased and fueled the home prices further.

Since this sector was bringing in huge profits thus loan agents were asked to find more potential home buyers. Their only aim was to give loans to as many potential customers as possible. As a result the common sense practice checking customer’s repaying capacity was also ignored. Thus many people who come under the NINJA (No Income, No Job, No Assets) category were giving housing loans in disregards to all principles of financial prudence. These loans were called sub prime loans as they were not a part of prime loans market.

Besides this since it was a boom period for housing sectors, many home owners used the increased property value to refinance their homes and took out second mortgage against the added value (of home) to use the funds for consumers spending. Adding to the complexity of this problem was the negligence that people showed regarding the interest rate. Though they knew that initial interest rate were low, they would increase after an initial period. [4]

The plight of American loan market & its impact on rest of the world:

As soon as the USA came to terms that the housing bubble had fizzled out, it realized that home prices had started declining by summer 2006. An overbuilding of houses of during this period had led to surplus inventory of homes.

Once housing prices started depreciating in US, refinancing became more difficult. Home owners found themselves unable to refinance and began to default on loans as their loans reset to high interest rate.

Eventually over 8.8 million home owners in US, had zero or negative equity as of march 2008, meaning their homes are worth less then their mortgages, as a result they began to walk away from the homes rather then paying their mortgages.

Foreclosures (Legal proceeding initiated by a creditor to repossess the property for loan that is in default) increased along with unwillingness of many home owners to sell their homes at reduced market price. This caused an excess supply of home inventory to arise. Whereby nearly 2.9 million homes remain vacant and this led to a further reduction in home prices. [4]

Complications of American housing woes:

Unfortunately this problem was not as small as it appeared. These sub prime loans which were offered to unreliable borrowers had about 2% higher interest rate then the interest on prime loans.
Secondly, since these sub prime loans appeared very lucrative and thee stock market was booming with liquidity, many big fund investors like hedge funds, mutual funds saw sub prime loans portfolios as an attractive investment opportunities. Thus they bought these portfolios from original money lenders. The sub prime loan market thus became a fast growing segment.
Thirdly, major investment banks bought these loans (known as mortgage backed securities, MBS) to diversify their portfolios. Most of these loans were bought as part of CDOs (Collateralized Debt Obligations). CDOs are just like mutual funds with two significant differences
o Unlike mutual funds, in CDOs all investors do not assumes the risk equally and each participatory group has different risk profiles.
o Secondly, CDOs buy securities that are backed by loans.

Owing to heavy buying of MBS and sub prime loans by major American and European Banks, thee problem which was to remain in US propagated to world’s financial market

As the home prices decline in us, sub prime borrowers found themselves in a messy situation. The house prices were declining and loan interest on these houses was soaring. As they could not afford to take a second mortgage to their home, it became difficult for them to pay thee higher interest rate. Eventually there remained no option except to write off losses on these loans.
The problem multiplied many folds owing to falling prices of CDOs. These dented banks investment portfolios and these losses destroyed banks capital. [4]

The debacles of major banks:

The global banks have written off an estimated $ 512 billion in sub prime losses so far, with the largest in Citigroup ($ 55.1 billion) and Merrilll Lynch ($ 52.2 billion). Despite efforts by US Federal Reserve to offer financial assistance, it has led to collapse of bears terns, one of the largest investment bank in the world.
The crisis has also seen Lehman Brothers – forth largest investment bank in the US which has survived for the past 158 years – file for bankruptcy.
From this point, a chain reaction of panic started. Since bank are like backbone for other major industries and provide them with investment capital and major loans, a loss of net capital to banks acts as a deterrent to various industries and business. What is worse is actually the fact that losses suffered by banks in the sub prime mess have directly affected their money market world over. [4]

Impact on money market:

Money market is actually an inter bank market where banks borrow and lend money among themselves to meet short term need for funds. Causes of its failure are as follow:-
The interbank market performs the critical role of bringing cash surplus and cash deficit. Bank together lubricates the process of credit delivery to companies (for working capital and capacity creation) and consumers for buying cards etc.
As housing loans crisis intensified, banks grew increasingly suspicious about each other is solvency and ability to honour commitments.
As a result panic began encircling all sectors and it sucked other market into its centrifuge.
Liquidity crunch resulted in a tight situation for top companies to take loans for their needs.
A sense of disbelief and extreme precaution is prevailing in banking sector where they are trying to move away from assets which are considered win remotely risky.
None of the efforts have so far stabilized global market but it is hoped that with proper monitoring and controlling of money market situation will eventually get in control. [4]

Global recession and India:

Under this era of globalization no country can remain isolated from the troughs & crests of world economy, it revolutionized the economic system all over the world, therefore recession in west is the bad news for our country. Globalization emphasized on market forces, private sector, increased mergers and acquisitions. Since firms & industries interlinked with other countries as companies in India have more outsourcing from US and our export to US have increased over the years, export have declined due to recession as a result of this downfall in employment market is seen. US account for only 16% of India’s total exports thus impact on domestic demand is minimal. Some companies have laid-off their employees and there have been cuts in promotions and compensations of the employees. Companies are hesitant to take up new projects; industries are confronting heavy loss due to the fall down of global economy inventories industries like garment, gems, and textile had cut down production by 10 percent to 50 percent. [5]
Although United States is a big consumer of goods produced by developing countries yet consumption pattern in US economy is going down. Due to recession the demand for the goods produced by these countries decreased in domestic industries which have a basis of export trade also lost their roots in foreign market, impact of which have to be faced by the common man or employee in the form of cut down in salaries or lay-offs in their jobs. But crisis is not seen on the balance sheet of Indian companies. At the same time MNC’s and BPO sector are on the job cut sphere.
During last two years our stock market was touching new heights of Sensex due to heavy investment of foreign investors but when the financial crisis occurred, the parent companies of these investors found themselves in capital crisis. They had to withdraw their money back from Indian capital market. As foreign investors laid out their money from stock market by selling their stock in India, the domestic investors on the foot step of foreign investors also laid out their money from Indian capital market with the feeling of insecurity regarding investment to which demand becomes less than the supply of shares in the market. That’s why Sensex touched lows and lows.
FII hold well over equity in form American depository receipts and global depository receipt. FDI plays a significant role in the process of economic development and reflects the objective of a resident entity in one economy obtaining a lasting interest which implies the long term relationship between a direct investor and the enterprise. FDI flows are in equity capital mainly. In the last fiscal year alone, India borrowed $29 billion from foreign lenders and got $34 billion of foreign direct investment. A global recession has hurt external demand. A international lenders who have become extremely risk aversive can limit access to international capital. The investors of FDI, due to credit crunch in US, laid out their money back form capital market. Share price suffered a down fall. Even domestic investors were not ready to buy the shares in the possibility of loss more than the profit from share market. [5]

At the time of recession when FIIs and FDI were busy in selling their stocks, they need to convert the amount in Dollar ($) so to sent back to US. With this demand of dollar increased as much as it supplied to US, more and more were bought by FIIs and FDIs. Rupee displaced its position by loosing its strength in the market as the demand of dollar was more as well as dollar in our country got reduced day by day with this the cost of dollar increased in the same way rupee lost its position. Now we can list out the effect of global financial crisis in India as follows:

Share Market
More people have sold the shares in the Indian share market than they bought in the recent weeks. This has added to the fall of Sensex to lower points.
Foreign investors have pulled out from stock markets leading to heavy losses in stocks and mutual funds
Stock broking houses are laying-off people
Because of such uncertainty many people have started saving money in banks rather than investing [1]

IT and Real Estate Sector
The key challenges faced by the industry now are inflation and the psychological impact of the US crisis, leading the companies to hit the panic button.
Bonuses, perks, lavish parties, and many other benefits are missing as companies look to cut cost.
India's IT export growth is also showering down
One of the casualties this time are real estate, where building projects are half-done all over the country and in this tight liquidity situation developers find it difficult to raise finances.

Layoffs and Unemployment
Hundreds of workers have lost jobs in diamond jewellery, textiles and leather industry.
Companies in IT industry have stopped hiring and projected lower manpower need.
Firms attached to the capital market are laying-off people and large companies are putting their future expansion plans on hold.

Industrial sector
Government and other private companies are reluctant in starting new ventures and starting new projects.
Projects that are halfway to completion, or companies that are stuck with cash flow issues on businesses that are yet to reach break even, will run out of cash.
Car, bike & truck sales down
Steel plants are cutting production
Hospitality and airlines are hit by poor demand




Reasons behind the daily fluctuation behind the daily fluctuation of share market:

We see the indices of stock market fluctuate all the time. There are different reasons behind the daily fluctuation of indices of stock market. The most dominant reasons are as follows-

Demand and supply
In stock market investing, the stock price falls if sellers overrule the buyers. Conversely, if there are more investors who want to buy the stock than the number of shareholders who are willing to sell their holdings, the price will go up, and up, and up…. As a result, stock prices fluctuate daily. [6]

Market psychological effect
Demand and supply for the available shares to be traded is due to market sentiment effect. Every time investors feel that the stock will not able to meet their expectation, they sell their equities and leave the company.
On the other hand, if they are optimistic of its future growth, they will buy more shares of that stock to get better return on investment. [6]

Individual investor needs
This is the most difficult one to identify but is the most reason why stock prices fluctuate daily. Look, every now and then, investors who buy the stock can have variety of reasons, and that reasons won’t be the same from one investor to another.
They buy and sell stocks according to their strategy and needs on daily basis. The fact is there are traders who make living out of stock trading. Therefore, the price will fluctuate based on their trading activities. [6]

Strategies in recessionary period:

The monetarists argue that income growth can be fully regulated by controlling the money supply. As such a contractionary money policy by decelerating the income growth may let loose the forces of demand recession. A sudden increase in the bank rate it the statutory liquidity ratio or the reserve ratio, or the open market operations like the sale of government securities by the central bank, all such measures can put a brake on the generation of money supply in the economy and thereby the national purchasing power may get reduced. That is how demand recession results when the credit squeeze measure are adopted by the central bank.

Also, if the people are subject to high income tax rate then their disposable income is likely to fall in this may reduce the demand for consumption goods. In the same way if there is a sudden cut in the public investment program or a sudden shift of expenditure from development towards defense, some sort of dislocation of demand takes place in the process of which some sectors in the economy may face recession. It follows that the anti inflationary policies, either monetary or fiscal, if overplayed, can be a potential source of recessionary pressure generated in the economy.

With new uncertainties raised by the attacks and many economists forecasting a deep and prolonged recession, businesses will have to do everything within their power to brace for the coming storm and survive the bad times-predicted by some to be bigger and more devastating than the Great Depression of 1929. Use these surefire strategies to immediately recession, but you'll come out on top of your competitors when the economic tide reverses.

Diversify
In a weak economy, diversification may be a businessman’s best friend. The more services one can offer, the more clients one will be able to find. For example, if one primarily creates business plans or marketing collateral for big name clients, one can expand one’s services to include press releases, sales letters, web content, or other business-related products and services. And one can diversify even further by repackaging one’s product and selling it to a different clientele. For example, one can host a seminar or workshop on writing business plans. Each person who attends may not be able to pay one’s normal fee, but combined not only will a businessman earn more, one can also score a few new clients. No matter what service one offers, with a little innovative thinking one can develop several "new" offers. All of which will help keep him/her ahead. Of the competition while the competitors shall bite the dust. [7]
Offer outstanding customer service

It has become conventional to talk only demand recession. But demand recession itself may be a reflection of over production resulting in excess supply. Such situations result from inaccurate forecasting, lack of sufficient planning inadequate control and inappropriate management of production. The point remains that recession may result from mismanagement of not only demand but also supply. Once a business starts attracting customers, one has to worry about retaining them, and in a stagnating economy that may be even more difficult. One must provide not only a high quality product, but also exceptional customer service. When money's tight, clients expect more for their dollar. If one wants to keep business alive, one must keep them happy. Refining one’s customer service strategy to insure that every step from taking the order to delivering the product is client-focused and effective. One may want to conduct a customer satisfaction survey or two in order to make sure his/her customers' needs are being met. Also one should consider making one’s service more valuable to clients with faster delivery times, wider selections, or more flexible payment terms. [7]

Intensify marketing
One of the biggest mistakes business owners make during periods of economic slowdown is to cut back on marketing and advertising, doing this could be most detrimental to one’s business. Instead, marketing needs to be more aggressive and more comprehensive than ever. This can be done by contacting past clients and simply touching base. Chances are a good number of them will have projects or assignments for which services may be required
Offering discounts, freebies, or other extras act as incentives. One may also wants to set up a referral reward program for clients as part of one’s marketing efforts. One may also need to re-evaluate One’s current marketing methods. If one is not seeing some increase in sales from every dollar one spends on promotions, then one is wasting valuable revenue. Whether one uses billboard ads, direct mailings, or the yellow pages now is the time to make sure one’s current marketing is cost-effective and efficient.
Positioning oneself as a Market Leader requires stepping outside of one’s comfort zone and daring to lead than to follow. Setting oneself apart from the competition by developing one’s own USP-unique selling position sometimes also referred to as ESA (Essential Selling Advantage) is also required. What is a companies’ USP? It doesn't really matter 'what' one’s USP is as much as it matters that one may have one. Prospective customers MUST have a good reason to do business with a company rather than competition. It can be a superior customer service, lifetime refund policy, best prices or the outstanding quality of companies’ products. One may absolutely have no reason to worry about the economic slowdown or competition once companies’ customers 'experience' its USP. In fact, a company can use its USP to ruthlessly eliminate its competitors. [7]
Adopt cutting edge technologies

One of the best ways to stay ahead of the competitors is by keeping up with current technology. So if a company isn't familiar with customer relation management, software or even e-mail marketing now is the time to do so. One can put one’s business online, advertise with well-placed banner ads, send out information to potential clients via e-mail, outsource some of his/her administrative duties, manage his/her payroll, or establish an affiliate program all on the Internet. Current technology can help a company run more efficiently and more cost effectively, plus it can open access to clients in the next city, in another state, or even enable one to compete in the global marketplace. One will have the potential to contact millions of people who would otherwise have never heard of that companies’ product and in a slow economy it will need all the exposure it can get. [7]


Stay focused
Nothing will damage a business more than business myopia or short sightedness. In order to stay successful, one must always keep an eye on one’s long term goals and objectives. One will hit rough spots but should not get bogged down in the present. One should not make this mistake. Instead one should keep one’s eyes on one’s target. One should stay focused. Every decision, every cutback, every improvement one makes now must be beneficial not only in the present but more importantly in the future. Thinking about this before one slashes prices, fires employees, cuts overhead, or lowers one’s standards.
Conclusion:
As we know that whole world is suffering from recession, India is also affected by global recession. The economic growth, stock market, real GDP, employment and demand of goods and services are decreasing due to global financial crisis.
Our suggestions for having stability and growth in stock market are:
1. An awareness of stock market among the retail investors must be there. Generally retail investors trade their stock on the recommendation of broker.
2. Brokers should be well trained. They should have adequate knowledge about the share market because they influence retail investors and their trading.
3. Government should ensure that all the listed companies are showing “true and fair” financial statement because these things affect the share market. Recently “Satyam scandal” is a witness of effects of these kinds of things on the share market.
4. Retail investors should not adopt share trading as their prime business. They should adopt it as a side business.
5. Investors should believe in long term investment. If they will do short term investing and trade their stocks very frequently for short term profit then it will affect the share market’s indices and resulted in instable market price.
6. Big player should be more ethical and try not to influence the share market in negative manner.
7. The growth rate of stock market, we have seen in last two years was unhealthy. Investors should not expect so much growth in capital market. They should have positive attitude towards Indian capital market. This will help a lot to keep market stable and growing.
8. Stock market also depends upon the business performed by companies. If companies will perform well then stock market will also improve and become more stable.
Our suggestions for recuperating from this recession are-
9. Tax cuts up to the possible extent are the first step to be taken by the government.
10. The government should also hike its spending to create more jobs and boost the manufacturing and services sectors and to prop up the economy.
11. The government is coming up with some boosting packages. It should come up with some more packages to help the private sector to come out from the crisis.
12. The regulatory bank in India, i.e. RBI (Reserve Bank of India), also needs to relax the rate of interest up to a possible extent in both public as well as private sector.
13. Provision of comfortable liquidity to meet the required credit growth consistent with the overall projection of economic growth.
14. Respond swiftly and effectively with all possible measures as warranted by the evolving global and domestic situation impinging on growth and financial stability.
15. Ensure a monetary and interest rate environment consistent with price stability, well-anchored inflation expectations and orderly conditions in financial markets.





References:
1. http://www.prochow.blogspot.com/
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_India
3. The Hindu – feb 16, 2009
4. http://www.theindianblogger.com/problems/reasons-for-global-recession-in-plain-simple-english/
5. http://www.economicrecession.in/effect-of-global-recession.htm
6. http://www.stock-investment-made-easy.com/stock-prices-fluctuate-daily.html
7. M. Adhikary - Economic environment of business – pg. 165-201
8. http://www.nrimutualfunds.com/sensex_movement_frame.htm
9. http://www.fairloanrate.com/2008/12/02/the-reasons-behind-global-economic-crisis/
10. Francia Cherunilam - Business environment text & cases – pg. 389-394

Abstract

Meltdown of Indian Capital Market

By:- Mayank Mittal, M. Shakir, Nihal Khursid, Reshma Hussain and Farha Khalid1

Indian economy is integrated with the global economy and as a result it has been affected by global recession. Over the last few months we have seen that the world has gone through its worst financial crises. The world leading investment banks have gone bankrupt.
What are the different reasons behind this global recession? Why India is affected? Why did Stock markets collapse and what are the factors behind the daily fluctuations? How can India get back its development pace again? What can be the Imperatives & Strategies for Indian Businesses to come out from these conditions?
This recessionary period has generated an environment of uncertainty in the capital market of all over the world. Although India is affected much less than expected by the global recession, almost all of the Indian business sectors are facing problem. The recession led to job lay-offs. Companies are rolling back their major projects and expansion plans. Investors are pulling their hands from Indian capital market. FDIs and FIIs are getting affected by this recession.
This paper attempts to analyze the different reasons behind the global recession. It further assesses the effects of the global recession on Indian Capital Market.

Key Words: Global Recession, Financial Crises, Indian Capital Market, FDI, FIIs, NINJA.
1. Students of M. B. A. First Year of Al-Barkaat Institute of Management Studies, Aligarh