•Seven Major ISPs in India
•Education & Research NETwork ERNET (19881989)
CUG, Network Interconnections Only, 9600 bps and above
•National Informatics Centre NETwork NICNET/RENNIC (1994)
CUG, User Accounts + NI, 1200 bps to 9600 bps
•Gateway Internet Access Services GIAS (1995)
Public Network, User Accounts + NI, 9600 bps to 128 Kbps
•Department of Telecom DoT (1998)
GIAS Franchisees
•MTNL (1998)
Public Network, User Accounts, NI, 64 Kbps
•Satyam Online (1999)
Public Network, User Accounts
•Mantra Online (1999)
Public Network, User Accounts
Tuesday, December 2, 2008
The Internet
•A Logical, Global Meta Network of computer networks
•A physical maze and a functional wonder
•A virtual information store
•A comprehensive communication infrastructure
•A global arena for the ``hacktics''
•The BEST instance of a cooperative movement
•From the ``Idiot Box'' to ``Notebook''
•A physical maze and a functional wonder
•A virtual information store
•A comprehensive communication infrastructure
•A global arena for the ``hacktics''
•The BEST instance of a cooperative movement
•From the ``Idiot Box'' to ``Notebook''
Monday, November 10, 2008
Economic Profit (or Loss)
The difference between the revenue received from the sale of an output and the opportunity cost of the inputs used. This can be used as another name for "economic value added" (EVA). Don't confuse this with 'accounting profit', which is what most people generally mean when they refer to profit.
In calculating economic profit, opportunity costs are deducted from revenues earned. Opportunity costs are the alternative returns foregone by using the chosen inputs. As a result, you can have a significant accounting profit with little to no economic profit.
For example, say you invest $100,000 to start a business, and in that year you earn $120,000 in profits.
Your accounting profit would be $20,000. However, say that same year you could have earned an income of $45,000 had you been employed? Therefore, you have an economic loss of $25,000 (120,000 - 100,000 - 45,000).
The difference between the revenue received from the sale of an output and the opportunity cost of the inputs used. This can be used as another name for "economic value added" (EVA). Don't confuse this with 'accounting profit', which is what most people generally mean when they refer to profit.
In calculating economic profit, opportunity costs are deducted from revenues earned. Opportunity costs are the alternative returns foregone by using the chosen inputs. As a result, you can have a significant accounting profit with little to no economic profit.
For example, say you invest $100,000 to start a business, and in that year you earn $120,000 in profits.
Your accounting profit would be $20,000. However, say that same year you could have earned an income of $45,000 had you been employed? Therefore, you have an economic loss of $25,000 (120,000 - 100,000 - 45,000).
Accounting Profit
A company's total earnings, calculated according to Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), and includes the explicit costs of doing business, such as depreciation, interest and taxes.
Accounting profits tend to be higher than economic profits as they omit certain implicit costs, such as opportunity costs.
For example, if you invest $100,000 to start a business and earned $120,000 in profit, your accounting
profit would be $20,000. Economic profit would add implicit costs, such as the opportunity cost of
$50,000 should you have been employed instead during that period. As such, you would have an
economic loss of $30,000 ($120,000 - $100,000 - $50,000)
A company's total earnings, calculated according to Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), and includes the explicit costs of doing business, such as depreciation, interest and taxes.
Accounting profits tend to be higher than economic profits as they omit certain implicit costs, such as opportunity costs.
For example, if you invest $100,000 to start a business and earned $120,000 in profit, your accounting
profit would be $20,000. Economic profit would add implicit costs, such as the opportunity cost of
$50,000 should you have been employed instead during that period. As such, you would have an
economic loss of $30,000 ($120,000 - $100,000 - $50,000)
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